Mō ngā Rauemi Kore-Pararopi – Cerium Oxide
Waikura ceriumhe matū kore-waro ko te tauira matū CeO₂. He paura kōwhai mā, he parauri-kōwhai rānei, ko te mātotorutanga he 7.13 g/cm₃, ā, ko te ira rewa he 2397°C. Kāore e wairewa i roto i te wai me te kawakore, engari he paku wairewa i roto i te waikawa. I te 2000°C me te 15 MPa, ka taea te whakaiti i te waikura cerium ki te hauwai hei whakaputate toru o te keriumaI ngā pāmahana i waenga i te 2000°C me ngā pēhanga i runga ake i te 5 MPa, ka whakaatu te waikura cerium i tētahi tae kōwhai-whero, he māwhero i ētahi wā. E whakamahia ana hei rauemi whakakanapa, hei whakakorikori, hei kawe whakakorikori (tāpiri), hei mimiti UV, hei irahiko pūtau wahie, hei mimiti hauātanga waka, me ngā uku hiko.
Ⅰ. Ngā Whakamahinga
Waikawa. Whakakōkī mō ngā tauhohenga rauropi. Paerewa konganuku whenua onge mō te tātari maitai. Tātari irahiko redox. Whakakore tae i te karāhe. Kiri ārai rā enamel karāhe. Koranu ātete wera.
E whakamahia ana hei tāpiringa i roto i te umanga karāhe, hei rauemi huri mō te karāhe pereti, ā, i roto i ngā mea whakapaipai hei aukati UV. Kua whānuitia kia uru atu ki te whakakanapa i te karāhe mōhiti, ngā karāhe whatu, me ngā ngongo hihi katote, e whakarato ana i te tango tae, te whakamārama, me te mimiti i ngā hihi ultraviolet me ngā hihi irahiko.
2. Ngā Pānga o te Whenua Onge
1. Whenua OngeNgā Pānga Whakakanapa
He tere te oro o ngā paura whakakanapa whenua onge, he kounga teitei, he roa hoki te ora o te mahi. Ki te whakaritea ki ngā paura whakakanapa waikura rino tuku iho, he pai ki te taiao, ā, he ngāwari ki te tango atu i ngā poke.Ngā paura whakakanapa waikura ceriumKa taea te whakakanapa i ngā karaihe i roto i te meneti kotahi, engari ko ngā paura whakakanapa waikura rino ka roa i te 30 ki te 60 meneti. Nō reira, he iti te horopeta o ngā paura whakakanapa whenua onge, he tere te whakakanapa, me te pai o te whakakanapa. Ka taea hoki e rātou te whakapai ake i te kounga o te whakakanapa me te taiao mahi. Ko ngā paura whakakanapa karāhe whenua onge he mea hanga mai i ngā waikura whai rawa i te cerium. He matū whakakanapa tino whai hua te waikura cerium nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakakanapa i te karāhe i te wā kotahi mā te pirau matū me te waku miihini. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā paura whakakanapa cerium whenua onge i roto i ngā kāmera whakakanapa, ngā karaihe kāmera ataata, ngā ngongo pikitia pouaka whakaata, ngā karaihe mōhiti, me ētahi atu tono. He maha ngā wheketere paura whakakanapa whenua onge o tōku whenua, neke atu i te tekau ngā wheketere e whakamanamana ana ki te kaha whakaputa neke atu i te 100 tana. Ko Baotou Tianjiao Qingmei Rare Earth Polishing Powder Co., Ltd., he hononga tahi Sino-kei waho, ko tētahi o ngā kaihanga paura whakakanapa whenua onge nui rawa atu o tōku whenua, me te kaha whakaputa ā-tau o te 1,200 tana. Ka hokona āna hua ki te motu me te ao.
2. Te Whakakore Tae o te Karāhe
Kei roto i ngā karāhe katoa te waikura rino, ka taea te whakauru ki roto i te karāhe mā roto i ngā rauemi mata, te onepu, te kōhatu, me te kōhatu i roto i te puranga karāhe. E rua ōna āhua: te rino takirua, e huri ai te karāhe ki te kikorangi pouri, me te rino takirua, e huri ai te karāhe ki te kōwhai. Ko te tango tae ko te whakahāwea i ngā katote rino takirua ki te rino takirua, nā te mea he kotahi tekau noa iho te kaha o te rino takirua ki tōna hoa takirua. Kātahi ka tāpirihia he whakatikatika tae hei whakakore i te tae ki te kakariki mārama.
Ko ngā huānga whenua onge e whakamahia ana mō te tango tae o te karāhe ko te cerium oxide me te neodymium oxide. Ka whakakapia ngā tango tae o te arsenic ma tuku iho e ngā kaiwhakakore tae o te karāhe whenua onge, ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te karo i te poke o te arsenic. He painga tō te cerium oxide, arā, he pumau i te pāmahana teitei, he iti te utu, ā, kāore e mimiti i te mārama e kitea ana mō te tango tae o te karāhe.
3.Tae Karaehe
He pūmau, he kanapa ngā tae o ngā katote whenua onge i ngā pāmahana teitei, ā, ka whakamahia hei hanga i ngā momo karāhe tae mā te tāpiri atu ki ngā wai. He pai rawa ngā waikura whenua onge pērā i te neodymium, te praseodymium, te erbium, me te cerium hei tae karāhe. Ina mimiti te karāhe mārama me ēnei tae i te mārama e kitea ana i waenga i te 400 me te 700 nanometer, ka kitea he tae ataahua. Ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei karāhe tae hei hanga i ngā taupoki rama tohu mō te rererangi, te whakatere, me ngā momo waka kawe, tae atu ki ngā momo whakapaipai toi papai.
Ina tāpirihia te waikura neodymium ki te karāhe houra-raima me te mata, ko te hohonutanga o te tae o te karāhe e whakawhirinaki ana ki te matotoru, te nui o te neodymium, me te kaha o te pūtake mārama. Ka puta te karāhe angiangi he māwhero mārama, ko te karāhe matotoru ia ka puta he kikorangi-papura. E mōhiotia ana tēnei āhuatanga ko te neodymium dichroism. Ka puta he kakariki rite ki te chromium te waikura praseodymium. Ka puta he tae māwhero te waikura erbium, e whakamahia ana i roto i te karāhe photochromic me te karāhe tioata. Ka puta he tae kōwhai i te waikura cerium i honoa ki te titanium dioxide. Ka taea te whakamahi i te waikura praseodymium me te waikura neodymium i roto i te karāhe pango praseodymium-neodymium.
4. Ngā Whakamārama Whenua Onge
Ko te waikura cerium, hei utu mō te waikura arsenic tuku iho, ka whakamahia hei whakamārama karāhe hei tango i ngā mirumiru me ngā tae iti. He tino whai hua tēnei mō te whakaputa i ngā pounamu karāhe kore tae, ka hua ake he karāhe mā-kiriata he tino mārama, he kaha ake te karāhe, ā, he pai ake te ātete ki te wera. Ka whakakorea hoki e ia te parahanga arsenic ki te taiao me te karāhe tonu.
Hei tāpiritanga,waikura ceriumka taea te tāpiri ki te karāhe o ia rā, pērā i te karāhe hoahoanga me te karāhe motuka, me te karāhe karaihe, hei whakaiti i te whakawhiti UV. Kua whānuitia te whakamahi i tēnei tono i Hapani me te Hononga o Amerika. I te whakapainga ake o ngā paerewa oranga i tōku whenua, e tūmanakohia ana hoki ka kitea he mākete kaha. Ko te waikura neodymium, i tāpirihia ki te karāhe ngongo hihi cathode, ka whakakore i te marara o te mārama whero me te whakarei ake i te mārama. Ko ngā karāhe motuhake me ngā tāpiri whenua onge ko: ko te karāhe lanthanum, me tōna taupū whakaata teitei me te marara iti, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanga i ngā momo karāhe me ngā karāhe kāmera me te kāmera ataata matatau, inā koa ko ērā mō ngā taputapu whakaahua teitei; te karāhe ātete-ira cerium, e whakamahia ana i roto i te karāhe motuka me te karāhe pouaka whakaata; me te karāhe neodymium, he rauemi pai mō ngā laser nui, ko te nuinga i roto i ngā taputapu hanumi karihi whakahaeretia.