He Rauemi Hou Whakahirahira – Te Hiraka Pango
He momo rauemi hou te silicon pango, he tino pai ōna āhuatanga optoelectronic. E whakarāpopoto ana tēnei tuhinga i ngā mahi rangahau mō te silicon pango nā Eric Mazur me ētahi atu kairangahau i ngā tau tata nei, e whakaatu ana i te tikanga whakarite me te hanganga o te silicon pango, me ōna āhuatanga pēnei i te mimiti, te kanapa, te tukunga mara, me te urupare āwhata. E tohu ana hoki i ngā whakamahinga nui o te silicon pango i roto i ngā pūoko infrared, ngā pūtau rā, me ngā whakaaturanga papatahi.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te silicon tioata i roto i te umanga semiconductor nā ōna painga pēnei i te ngāwari o te purenga, te ngāwari o te tāpiri, me te ātete ki te pāmahana teitei. Heoi, he maha anō hoki ōna ngoikoretanga, pēnei i te whakaata nui o te mārama e kitea ana me te mārama whero-whero i runga i tōna mata. Hei tāpiri, nā tōna āputa roopu nui,silicon tioataKāore e taea te mimiti i te mārama me ngā roangaru neke atu i te 1100 nm. Ina nui ake te roangaru o te mārama taunga mai i te 1100 nm, ka tino heke te tere mimiti me te urupare o ngā taputapu kite silicon. Me whakamahi ētahi atu rauemi pēnei i te germanium me te indium gallium arsenide hei kimi i ēnei roangaru. Heoi, ko te utu nui, ngā āhuatanga thermodynamic ngoikore me te kounga tioata, me te kore hototahi ki ngā tukanga silicon kua pakeke kua whakawhāiti i tā rātou tono ki ngā taputapu e hangai ana ki te silicon. Nō reira, ko te whakaiti i te whakaata o ngā mata silicon tioata me te whakawhānui i te whānuitanga o ngā roangaru kimi o ngā taputapu kite whakaahua e hangai ana ki te silicon me te silicon-hototahi he kaupapa rangahau wera tonu.
Hei whakaiti i te whakaata o ngā mata silicon tioata, he maha ngā tikanga whakamātautau me ngā tikanga kua whakamahia, pērā i te whakaahua-ipurangi, te whakairo ion tauhohe, me te whakairo hikohiko. Ka taea e ēnei tikanga te whakarerekē i te mata me te āhua tata-mata o te silicon tioata, ā, ka whakaitihia.silicon whakaata mata. I roto i te whānuitanga mārama e kitea ana, ka taea e te whakaiti i te whakaata te whakanui ake i te mimiti me te whakapai ake i te pai o te taputapu. Heoi, i ngā roangaru neke atu i te 1100 nm, ki te kore he taumata pūngao mimiti e whakaurua ana ki roto i te āputa roopu silicon, ko te whakaiti i te whakaata ka arahi noa ki te pikinga o te tuku, na te mea ko te āputa roopu o te silicon ka whakawhāiti i tana mimiti i te mārama roa-ngaru. Nō reira, hei whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga roangaru tairongo o ngā taputapu e hangai ana ki te silicon me ngā taputapu hototahi ki te silicon, me whakanui ake te mimiti photon i roto i te āputa roopu me te whakaiti i te whakaata mata silicon i te wā kotahi.
I te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1990, i whiwhi a Ahorangi Eric Mazur me ētahi atu i Te Whare Wānanga o Harvard i tētahi rauemi hou—te silicon mangu—i a rātou e rangahau ana mō te taunekeneke o ngā taiaho femtosecond me te matū, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1. I a rātou e ako ana i ngā āhuatanga photoelectric o te silicon mangu, i miharo a Eric Mazur me āna hoa mahi i te kitenga he āhuatanga photoelectric ahurei tō tēnei rauemi silicon hanganga-iti. Ka mimitihia e ia te nuinga o te mārama i roto i te whānuitanga tata-ultraviolet me te tata-infrared (0.25–2.5 μm), e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga luminescence tino pai e kitea ana me te tata-infrared me ngā āhuatanga tukunga mara pai. I puta he ohorere i roto i te umanga semiconductor nā tēnei kitenga, me ngā maheni nui e whakataetae ana ki te ripoata mōna. I te tau 1999, i whakaputahia e ngā maheni Scientific American me Discover, i te tau 2000 te wāhanga pūtaiao o Los Angeles Times, me te tau 2001 te maheni New Scientist ngā tuhinga roa e matapaki ana i te kitenga o te silicon mangu me ōna tono pea, me te whakapono he uara nui tōna pea i roto i ngā mara penei i te tirohanga mamao, ngā whakawhitiwhitinga whatu, me te microelectronics.
I tēnei wā, kua whakahaerehia e T. Samet o Parani, e Anoife M. Moloney o Airana, e Zhao Li o Te Whare Wānanga o Fudan i Haina, me Men Haining o te Chinese Academy of Sciences he rangahau whānui mō te silicon pango, ā, kua tutuki ngā hua tuatahi. Kua kohia e SiOnyx, he kamupene i Massachusetts, USA, te $11 miriona i roto i te pūtea whakangao hei tūāpapa whakawhanake hangarau mō ētahi atu kamupene, ā, kua tīmata te hanga arumoni o ngā wafer silicon pango e hangai ana ki ngā pūoko, e whakarite ana ki te whakamahi i ngā hua kua oti i roto i ngā pūnaha whakaahua infrared o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei. I kī a Stephen Saylor, te Tumu Whakarae o SiOnyx, ko te iti o te utu me te teitei o te aro o te hangarau silicon pango ka kukume i te aro o ngā kamupene e aro ana ki ngā mākete rangahau me te whakaahua hauora. I te heke mai, tera pea ka uru atu ki te mākete kāmera mamati me te kāmera ataata maha-piriona tāra. Kei te whakamātautau hoki a SiOnyx i ngā āhuatanga photovoltaic o te silicon pango, ā, he tino tūponotanga tera peasilicon pangoka whakamahia i roto i ngā pūtau rā ā muri ake nei. 1. Te Tukanga Hanga o te Hiraka Pango
1.1 Te Tukanga Whakarite
Ka horoia ngā papa silicon kotahi-kiriata i ia wā ki te trichloroethylene, te acetone, me te methanol, kātahi ka whakatakotoria ki runga i tētahi taumata ūnga e toru-ahu ana te nekehanga i roto i tētahi rūma korehau. Ko te pēhanga turanga o te rūma korehau he iti iho i te 1.3 × 10⁻² Pa. Ko te hau mahi ka taea te SF₆, Cl₂, N₂, te hau, H₂S, H₂, SiH₄, me ētahi atu, me te pēhanga mahi o te 6.7 × 10⁴ Pa. Tērā atu rānei, ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi taiao korehau, ka taea rānei te pani i ngā paura huānga o S, Se, Te rānei ki runga i te mata silicon i roto i tētahi korehau. Ka taea hoki te rumaki i te taumata ūnga ki roto i te wai. Ko ngā pāoro femtosecond (800 nm, 100 fs, 500 μJ, 1 kHz) i hangaia e te whakakaha whakaora taiaho Ti:sapphire ka arotahihia e te arotahi ka whakamātaohia ki runga i te mata silicon (ko te kaha putanga taiaho ka whakahaerehia e te attenuator, he pereti haurua-ngaru me te polarizer). Mā te neke i te atamira ūnga ki te matawai i te mata silicon me te ira taiaho, ka taea te whiwhi rauemi silicon pango nui-rohe. Mā te whakarerekē i te tawhiti i waenga i te arotahi me te wafer silicon ka taea te whakarite i te rahi o te ira mārama e whakamātaohia ana ki te mata silicon, ā, ka whakarerekē i te rere o te taiaho; ina pumau te rahi o te ira, mā te whakarerekē i te tere neke o te atamira ūnga ka taea te whakarite i te maha o ngā pāoro e whakamātaohia ana ki te wāhi kotahi o te mata silicon. He nui te pānga o te hau mahi ki te āhua o te hanganga moroiti o te mata silicon. Ina pumau te hau mahi, mā te whakarerekē i te rere o te taiaho me te maha o ngā pāoroiti e whiwhihia ana mō ia wāhi kotahi ka taea te whakahaere i te teitei, te ōwehenga āhua, me te mokowā o ngā hanganga moroiti.
1.2 Ngā Āhuatanga Makarohiko
I muri i te whakamātaotanga o te taiaho femtosecond, ka whakaatuhia e te mata silicon tioata maeneene i te tīmatanga he huinga o ngā hanganga kōniko iti e rite ana te whakaritenga. Kei te papa kotahi ngā tihi kōniko me te mata silicon kāore i whakamātaotia e karapoti ana. E pā ana te āhua o te hanganga kōniko ki te hau mahi, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2, kei reira ngā hanganga kōniko e whakaaturia ana i (a), (b), me (c) e hangaia ana i roto i ngā āhuarangi SF₆, S, me N₂. Heoi, ko te ahunga o ngā tihi kōniko kāore i te hau, ā, e tohu tonu ana ki te ahunga o te pānga taiaho, kāore e pāngia e te kaha ā-papa, ā, kāore hoki i te momo doping, te ātete, me te whakatakotoranga tioata o te silicon tioata; he koretake ngā turanga kōniko, me ō rātou tuaka poto e whakarara ana ki te ahunga polarization taiaho. Ko ngā hanganga kōniko i hangaia i te hau te mea tino taratara, ā, kua kapi ō rātou mata i ngā hanganga nano dendritic pai ake o te 10–100 nm.
Ko te teitei ake o te rere o te rēseri me te nui ake o ngā pāorooro, ko te teitei ake me te whānui ake o ngā hanganga kōniko. I roto i te hau SF6, he hononga kore-raina te teitei h me te mokowā d o ngā hanganga kōniko, ka taea te whakaatu tata nei hei h∝dp, ko p=2.4±0.1; ka piki ake te teitei h me te mokowā d me te pikinga ake o te rere o te rēseri. Ina piki ake te rere mai i te 5 kJ/m² ki te 10 kJ/m², ka piki ake te mokowā d mā te 3 ngā wā, ā, i te whakakotahitanga me te whanaungatanga i waenga i a h me d, ka piki ake te teitei h mā te 12 ngā wā.
I muri i te whakamahana i te pāmahana teitei (1200 K, 3 h) i roto i te korehau, ko ngā hanganga kōniko osilicon pangokāore i tino rerekē, engari i tino heke ngā hanganga nano dendritic 10–100 nm i runga i te mata. I whakaatuhia e te ion channeling spectroscopy kua heke te koretake i runga i te mata kōniko i muri i te whakamahana, engari ko te nuinga o ngā hanganga koretake kāore i rerekē i raro i ēnei āhuatanga whakamahana.
1.3 Tikanga Hanga
I tēnei wā, kāore i te mārama te tikanga hanganga o te silicon pango. Heoi, i whakapae a Eric Mazur me ētahi atu, i runga i te huringa o te āhua o te hanganga moroiti o te mata silicon me te hau mahi, i raro i te whakaohooho o ngā taiaho femtosecond kaha-teitei, ka puta he tauhohenga matū i waenga i te hau me te mata silicon tioata, ka taea ai te whakairo i te mata silicon e ētahi hau, ka hanga he koeko koi. I kī a Eric Mazur me ētahi atu ko ngā tikanga ā-tinana me te matū o te hanganga moroiti o te mata silicon ki: te rewa me te tango i te papa silicon i puta mai i ngā pao taiaho kaha-teitei; te whakairo o te papa silicon e ngā katote tauhohe me ngā matūriki i hangaia e te mara taiaho kaha; me te hanga anō i te tioata o te wāhanga kua tangohia o te papa silicon.
Ka hangaia noatia ngā hanganga kōniko i runga i te mata o te silicon, ā, ka taea te hanga i tētahi rarangi āhua-tūturu me te kore he kopare. I tāpirihia e MY Shen me ētahi atu he mata parahi karu hiko tuku 2 μm te matotoru ki te mata o te silicon hei kopare, kātahi ka whakamātaohia te anga silicon ki roto i te hau SF6 me te laser femtosecond. I whiwhi rātou i tētahi rarangi hanganga kōniko tino ōrite te whakaritenga i runga i te mata silicon, e rite ana ki te tauira kopare (tirohia te Pikitia 4). Ko te rahi o te pūaha o te kopare he pānga nui ki te whakaritenga o ngā hanganga kōniko. Ko te diffraction o te laser taunga mai e ngā pūaha kopare ka puta he tohatoha kore-ōrite o te kaha laser ki runga i te mata silicon, ka hua ake he tohatoha pāmahana ā-wā i runga i te mata silicon. Ko te mutunga, ka akiakihia te rarangi hanganga mata silicon kia ōrite.