Nō nā tata nei, i kai tahi māua ko tētahi hoa akomanga tawhito e mahi ana i tētahi whare rangahau rauemi rererangi. I kōrero māua mō ā rāua kaupapa hou, ā, ka mea ngaro mai ia ki ahau, "E mōhio ana koe ki ngā rauemi hou e tino hiahia ana māua i tēnei wā? Kāore pea koe e whakapono - ko taua paura e āhua rite ana ki te onepū matomato pai." I te kitenga i tōku āhua pōhēhē, ka menemene ia, ā, ka tāpiri atu, "Paura moroiti karaka silicon matomato"... kua rongo koe mō tēnei? Tērā pea ka puta he hurihanga iti i roto i te ao rererangi." Ki te pono, i ruarua ahau i te tuatahi: me pēhea te hononga o taua rauemi whakakoi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā wira huri me ngā kōpae tapahi ki te umanga rererangi matatau? Engari i tana whakamārama anō, i kite ahau he nui ake ngā mea kei roto i taku i whakaaro ai. I tēnei rā, me kōrero tātou mō tēnei kaupapa.
I. Te Mōhio ki Tēnei "Rauemi Whakapūmau"
Ko te karawiti silicon matomato he momo karawiti silicon (SiC). Ki te whakatauritea ki te karawiti silicon pango noa, he nui ake te parakore me te iti ake o ngā poke, nō reira he tae kakariki mārama ahurei. Mō te take i huaina ai ko "paura moroiti," e pā ana ki tōna rahi matūriki tino iti, i waenga i te torutoru maikiromita me te tekau maikiromita - tata ki te kotahi tekau ki te haurua o te diameter o te makawe tangata. "Kaua e tukua kia mamingatia koe e tōna whakamahinga o nāianei i roto i te umanga whakakoi," te kī a taku hoa akomanga, "he tino pai ōna āhuatanga: he pakeke teitei, he ātete pāmahana teitei, he pumau matū, me te iti o te tauwehenga o te whakawhānui wera. He mea hanga ēnei āhuatanga mō te mara rererangi."
Nō muri mai, i rangahau ahau, ā, i kitea he pono tēnei. Ko te pakeke o te silicon carbide matomato te tuarua o te taimana me te cubic boron nitride; i te hau, ka taea e ia te tu atu i ngā pāmahana teitei o te 1600°C me te kore e waikura; ā, ko tōna tauwehenga whānui wera he kotahi hauwhā ki te kotahi hautoru noa iho i ērā o ngā konganuku noa. Tērā pea he ahua maroke ēnei tau, engari i roto i te ao rererangi, he tino kaha ngā whakaritenga mahi rauemi, ka taea e ia tawhā te kawe mai i te uara nui.
II. Te Whakaiti Taumaha: Te Whainga Mutunga Kore o te Waka Ātea
"Mō te rererangi, ko te whakaiti i te taumaha te mea nui tonu," herererangiI kōrero mai te miihini ki ahau. "Ka taea e ia kirokaramu o te taumaha ka penapenahia te penapena i te nui o te wahie, te whakanui ake rānei i te kawenga." Kua tae kē ngā rauemi whakarewa tuku iho ki ō rātou rohe mō te whakaiti i te taumaha, nō reira kua tahuri te aro o te katoa ki ngā rauemi uku. Ko ngā rauemi whakarewa kua whakapakarihia ki te silicon carbide matomato tētahi o ngā mea tino whai hua. Ko te matotoru o ēnei rauemi he 3.0-3.2 karamu ia henimita pūtoru anake, he mama ake i te maitai (7.8 karamu ia henimita pūtoru) ā, he painga mārama hoki ki ngā koranu titanium (4.5 karamu ia henimita pūtoru). Ko te mea nui, ka mau tonu te kaha me te whakaiti i te taumaha.
"Kei te rangahau mātou i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hiato karaka kakariki mō ngā anga miihini," te whakakitenga a tētahi kaihoahoa miihini rererangi. "Mēnā i whakamahia e mātou ngā rauemi tuku iho, ka 200 kirokaramu te taumaha o tēnei wāhanga, engari me te rauemi hiato hou, ka taea te whakaiti ki te 130 kirokaramu pea. Mō te miihini katoa, he nui te whakahekenga 70-kirokaramu." He pai ake, ko te pānga whakahekenga taumaha kei te heke haere. Mā ngā wāhanga hanganga mama ake ka taea te whakahekenga taumaha i roto i ngā hanganga tautoko, pērā i te pānga domino. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau i roto i ngā waka rererangi, ko te whakahekenga 1-kirokaramu o te taumaha o te wāhanga hanganga ka taea te arahi ki te whakahekenga 5-10 kirokaramu o te taumaha taumata-pūnaha.
III. Ātete ki te Pāmahana Teitei: Te "Whakaū" i roto i ngā Mīhini
Kei te piki haere tonu ngā pāmahana whakahaere o ngā miihini aero; kua neke ake ngā pāmahana whakaurunga o ngā miihini turbofan matatau i te 1700°C. I tēnei pāmahana, ka tīmata te pakaru o ngā koranu pāmahana-tiketike maha. "Kei te panaia e ngā wāhanga wāhanga wera o te miihini ngā rohe o te mahi rauemi," te kī a taku hoa akomanga mai i te whare rangahau. "Me tino hiahia mātou ki ngā rauemi ka taea te mahi pumau i ngā pāmahana teitei ake." Ka taea e ngā hiato silicon carbide matomato te whai wāhi nui ki tēnei wāhanga. Ka taea e te silicon carbide parakore te tu atu i ngā pāmahana neke atu i te 2500°C i roto i te taiao kore mahi, ahakoa i roto i te hau, ka whakawhāitihia te whakamahinga o te waikura ki te 1600°C. Heoi, he 300-400°C tonu tēnei teitei ake i te nuinga o ngā koranu pāmahana-tiketike.
He mea nui ake, ka mau tonu tōna kaha i ngā pāmahana teitei. "Ka 'ngawari' ngā rauemi whakarewa i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka whakaatu i te ngoki nui," te whakamārama a tētahi miihini whakamātautau rauemi. "Engari ka taea e ngā hiato silicon carbide te pupuri i te neke atu i te 70% o tōna kaha pāmahana rūma i te 1200°C, he tino uaua ki ngā rauemi whakarewa te whakatutuki." I tēnei wā, kei te ngana ētahi whare rangahau ki te whakamahikāpira silicon matomatongā mea whakakotahi hei hanga i ngā wāhanga kore-hurihuri pērā i ngā whao ārahi ihu me ngā arai rūma mura. Mēnā ka whakatinanahia ēnei tono me te angitu, e tika ana kia pai ake te pana me te whai huatanga o ngā miihini. IV. Te Whakahaere Wera: Te Whakatakoto i te Wera ki te "Whakarongo"
He tino wera ngā waka rererangi i te wāhi: ka taea e te taha e anga ana ki te rā te neke ake i te 100°C, ko te taha atarangi ka taea te heke ki raro iho i te -100°C. He wero nui tēnei rerekētanga pāmahana ki ngā rauemi me ngā taputapu. He āhuatanga tino hiahiatia tō te karawiti silicon matomato—he kawe wera tino pai. Ko tōna kawe wera he 1.5-3 ngā wā i tō ngā konganuku noa, ā, neke atu i te 10 ngā wā i tō ngā rauemi uku noa. Ko te tikanga ka taea e ia te whakawhiti tere i te wera mai i ngā wāhi wera ki ngā wāhi makariri, ka whakaiti i te wera nui o te rohe. "Kei te whakaaro mātou ki te whakamahi i ngā hiato karawiti silicon matomato i roto i ngā pūnaha whakahaere wera o ngā amiorangi," te kī a tētahi kaihoahoa rererangi, "hei tauira, hei anga mō ngā paipa wera, hei papa kawe wera rānei, kia ōrite ake te pāmahana o te pūnaha katoa."
Hei tāpiritanga, he tino iti te tauwehenga whānui o tōna wera, tata ki te 4×10⁻⁶/℃, arā, tata ki te kotahi haurima o te rahi o te konumohe. Kāore e rerekē te rahi o tōna rahi i ngā huringa pāmahana, he āhuatanga tino nui i roto i ngā pūnaha whatu rererangi me ngā pūnaha pūihi e hiahia ana kia tika te whakarite. "Whakaarohia," i hoatu e te kaihoahoa he tauira, "he pūihi nui e mahi ana i te porowhita, me te rerekētanga pāmahana o ngā rau nekehanga Celsius i waenga i te taha e anga ana ki te rā me te taha atarangi. Mena ka whakamahia ngā rauemi tuku iho, ka puta he rerekētanga hanganga i te whānui me te whakahekenga wera, ka pā ki te tika o te tohu. Mena ka whakamahia ngā rauemi hiato silicon carbide matomato iti te whānui, ka taea te whakaiti i tēnei raruraru."
V. Te Huna me te Tiaki: Ehara i te "Tu atu" noa iho
Kei te piki haere te tono mō te mahi huna i ngā waka rererangi hou. Ko te mahi huna radar te mea nui mā te hoahoa āhua me ngā rauemi mimiti radar, ā, he kaha whakahaere anō hoki te silicon carbide matomato i tēnei wāhanga. "He haurua-whakawhiti te silicon carbide parakore, ā, ka taea te whakarite i ōna āhuatanga hiko mā te tāpiri i te matū," te kupu a tētahi tohunga rauemi mahi. "Ka taea e mātou te hoahoa i ngā rauemi hiato silicon carbide me te ātete motuhake hei mimiti i ngā ngaru radar i roto i tētahi awhe auau." Ahakoa kei roto tonu i te wāhanga rangahau tēnei āhuatanga, kua hangaia kētia e ētahi taiwhanga ngā tauira rauemi hiato e ahu mai ana i te silicon carbide me te mahi mimiti radar pai i roto i te roopu-X (8-12 GHz).
Mō te tiaki i te wāhi, ko te painga o te mārō okāpira silicon matomatoe kitea ana hoki. He nui ngā micrometeoroid me ngā para o te wāhi kei te wāhi. Ahakoa he iti rawa te taumaha o ia mea, he tino tere (tae atu ki te tekau kiromita ia hekona), ka hua ake he kaha pānga tino nui. "E whakaatu ana ā mātou whakamātautau he 3-5 ngā wā o te ātete o ngā rauemi hiato silicon carbide matomato ki te pānga matūriki tere-teitei ki te whakataurite ki ngā koranu konumohe o te matotoru kotahi," te kī a tētahi kairangahau tiaki wāhi. "Mēnā ka whakamahia ki ngā paparanga tiaki o ngā teihana wāhi, o ngā waka tirotiro wāhi hohonu rānei a muri ake nei, ka taea e ia te whakapai ake i te haumaru."
Ko te hītori o te whanaketanga rererangi, i tētahi tikanga, ko te hītori o te ahunga whakamua o ngā rauemi. Mai i te rakau me te kānawehi ki ngā koranu konumohe, kātahi ki ngā koranu titanium me ngā rauemi hiato, kua akiakihia e ia auahatanga rauemi te pikinga ake o te mahi a te waka rererangi. Tērā pea ko te paura karāhe silicon matomato me ōna rauemi hiato tētahi o ngā kaha nui hei akiaki i te pikinga whakamua e whai ake nei. Ko aua kaipūtaiao rauemi e rangahau ana i roto i ngā taiwhanga me te whai kia pai i roto i ngā wheketere, tērā pea kei te whakarerekē puku i te heke mai o te rangi. Ā, ko te karāhe silicon matomato, ko tēnei rauemi noa iho, tērā pea ko te "paura makutu" i roto i ō rātou ringa, e āwhina ana i te tangata kia rere teitei ake, kia tawhiti ake, kia haumaru ake hoki.